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SC5314Genotype: Wild-typeNotes: Wild-type strain used in the systematic sequencing project, the reference sequence stored in CGD. The original strain background from which most of the common laboratory strains are derived. This strain is virulent in a mouse model of systemic infection and is frequently used as a wild-type control.In their 2004 Genome Biology paper on C. albicans genome sequence, Frank Odds, Al Brown and Neil Gow explain the origins of SC5314: "Strain SC5314 was used in the 1980s by scientists at the E.R. Squibb company* (now Bristol-Myers Squibb) for their pioneering studies of C. albicans molecular biology. It was engineered by Fonzi and Irwin to provide the uridine autotrophic mutant that has been essential to most subsequent molecular genetic research into C. albicans. The strain is usually described merely as a 'clinical isolate', but it is worth setting on record that SC5314 was originally isolated from a patient with generalized Candida infection by Margarita Silva-Hutner** at the Department of Dermatology, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons (New York, USA). The original isolate number was 1775 and the strain is identical with strain NYOH#4657 in the New York State Department of Health collection. (This information was provided by Joan Fung-Tome at Bristol-Myers Squibb as a personal communication.) SC5314 belongs to the predominant clade of closely related C. albicans strains that represents almost 40% of all isolates worldwide, as determined by DNA fingerprinting and multi-locus sequence typing (A. Tavanti, A.D. Davidson, N.A.R.G., M.C.J. Maiden and F.C.O., unpublished observations)."Odds FC, Brown AJ, Gow NA. Candida albicans genome sequence: a platform for genomics in the absence of genetics. Genome Biol. 2004; 5(7): 230. Fonzi WA, Irwin MY. Isogenic strain construction and gene mapping in Candida albicans. Genetics. 1993 Jul;134(3):717-28. *The earliest publications that used SC5314 came in 1968 from Squibb Institute for Medical Research:Aszalos A, Robison RS, Lemanski P, Berk B. Trienine, an antitumor triene antibiotic. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1968 Oct;21(10):611-5. Maestrone G, Semar R. Establishment and treatment of cutaneous Candida albicans infection in the rabbit. Naturwissenschaften. 1968 Feb;55(2):87-8. Meyers E, Miraglia GJ, Smith DA, Basch HI, Pansy FE, Trejo WH, Donovick R. Biological characterization of prasinomycin, a phosphorus-containing antibiotic. Appl Microbiol. 1968 Apr;16(4):603-8. **The documentation of the work done by Margarita Silva-Hutner and her lab is preserved at Columbia University Archival Collections.Back to topCAF2-1Genotype: URA3/ura3::imm434 IRO1/iro1::imm434Notes: URA3 heterozygous strain derived from the SC5314 strain. The 3-prime end of one copy of the IRO1 gene that resides adjacent to URA3 was inadvertently deleted during the construction of this strain. This strain is virulent in a mouse model of systemic infection and is frequently used as a wild-type control.Fonzi WA, Irwin MY. Isogenic strain construction and gene mapping in Candida albicans. Genetics. 1993 Jul;134(3):717-28. Back to topCAI4Genotype: ura3::imm434/ura3::imm434 iro1/iro1::imm434Notes: Isogenic to the SC5314 strain. Uridine auxotroph constructed by deletion of the second copy of URA3. The second copy of IRO1 was inadvertently deleted upon strain construction. As a result, the strain and its descendants have no functional copy of IRO1. This strain is avirulent in a mouse model of systemic infection unless complemented with URA3.Fonzi WA, Irwin MY. Isogenic strain construction and gene mapping in Candida albicans. Genetics. 1993 Jul;134(3):717-28. Garcia MG, O'Connor JE, Garcia LL, Martinez SI, Herrero E, del Castillo Agudo L. Isolation of a Candida albicans gene, tightly linked to URA3, coding for a putative transcription factor that suppresses a Saccharomyces cerevisiae aft1 mutation. Yeast. 2001 Mar 15;18(4):301-11. Back to topCAI8Genotype: ura3::imm434/ura3::imm434 iro1/iro1::imm434 ade2::hisG/ade2::hisGNotes: Isogenic to the SC5314 strain. Derived from the CAF2-1 strain by deletion of URA3 and both copies of ADE2 using the URA-blaster method.Fonzi WA, Irwin MY. Isogenic strain construction and gene mapping in Candida albicans. Genetics. 1993 Jul;134(3):717-28. Back to topP37005Genotype: MTLa/MTLaNotes: Wild-type clinical isolate. Naturally homozygous for the MTLa mating type locus.Lockhart SR, Pujol C, Daniels KJ, Miller MG, Johnson AD, Pfaller MA, Soll DR. In Candida albicans, white-opaque switchers are homozygous for mating type. Genetics. 2002 Oct;162(2):737-45. Back to topRed3/6Genotype: ade2/ade2Notes: Isogenic to the WO-1 strain. Adenine auxotroph derived from the WO-1 strain by chemical mutagenesis using MNNG.Srikantha T, Chandrasekhar A, Soll DR. Functional analysis of the promoter of the phase-specific WH11 gene of Candida albicans. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Mar;15(3):1797-805. Back to topRM1000Genotype: ura3::imm434/ura3::imm434 iro1/iro1::imm434 his1::hisG/his1::hisGNotes: Isogenic to the SC5314 strain. Derived from the CAI4 strain by deletion of the HIS1 gene using the URA-blaster method (see Fonzi and Irwin, 1993 for details of this method). The standard RM1000 strain was found to have a heterozygous deletion on chromosome 5. RM1000#2 is an isolate that has been shown to have wild-type copies of chromosome 5.Negredo A, Monteoliva L, Gil C, Pla J, Nombela C. Cloning, analysis and one-step disruption of the ARG5,6 gene of Candida albicans. Microbiology. 1997 Feb;143 ( Pt 2):297-302. Back to topBWP17Genotype: ura3::imm434/ura3::imm434 iro1/iro1::imm434 his1::hisG/his1::hisG arg4/arg4Notes: Isogenic to the SC5314 strain. Uridine, histidine and arginine auxotroph derived from the RM1000 strain by deletion of the ARG4 gene. This strain has a heterozygous deletion on chromosome 5 that was inherited from the RM1000 parental strain.Wilson RB, Davis D, Mitchell AP. Rapid hypothesis testing with Candida albicans through gene disruption with short homology regions. J Bacteriol. 1999 Mar;181(6):1868-74. Back to topSN87Genotype: ura3::imm434::URA3/ura3::imm434 iro1::IRO1/iro1::imm434 his1::hisG/his1::hisG leu2/leu2Notes: Isogenic to the SC5314 strain. Histidine and leucine auxotroph derived from the RM1000#2 strain by deletion of the LEU2 gene. This strain is virulent in a mouse model of systemic infection.Noble SM, Johnson AD. Strains and strategies for large-scale gene deletion studies of the diploid human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell. 2005 Feb;4(2):298-309. Back to topSN95Genotype: ura3::imm434::URA3/ura3iro1IRO1/iro1his1his1arg4/arg4Notes: Isogenic to the SC5314 strain. Histidine and arginine auxotroph derived from the RM1000#2 strain by deletion of the ARG4 gene. This strain is virulent in a mouse model of systemic infection.Noble SM, Johnson AD. Strains and strategies for large-scale gene deletion studies of the diploid human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell. 2005 Feb;4(2):298-309. Back to topSN152Genotype: ura3/::imm434::URA3/ura3::imm434 iro1::IRO1/iro1::imm434 his1::hisG/his1::hisG leu2/leu2 arg4/arg4Notes: Isogenic to the SC5314 strain. Histidine, leucine and arginine auxotroph derived from the RM1000#2 strain by deletion of the LEU2 and ARG4 genes. This strain is virulent in a mouse model of systemic infection.Noble SM, Johnson AD. Strains and strategies for large-scale gene deletion studies of the diploid human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell. 2005 Feb;4(2):298-309. Back to topWO-1Genotype: MTLalphaNotes: Wild-type clinical isolate that switches between white and opaque phenotypes at high frequency. The MTLa locus is absent in this strain (for more information see Lockhart, 2002). This strain has been sequenced by the Broad Institute (http://www.broadinstitute.org/annotation/genome/candida_group/GenomeDescriptions.html)Slutsky B, Staebell M, Anderson J, Risen L, Pfaller M, Soll DR. "White-opaque transition": a second high-frequency switching system in Candida albicans. J Bacteriol. 1987 Jan;169(1):189-97. Lockhart SR, Pujol C, Daniels KJ, Miller MG, Johnson AD, Pfaller MA, Soll DR. In Candida albicans, white-opaque switchers are homozygous for mating type. Genetics. 2002 Oct;162(2):737-45. WUM5AGenotype: MTLalpha/MTLalpha ura3-1Δ::FRT/ura3-2Δ::FRTNotes: Isogenic to the WO-1 strain. Uridine auxotroph constructed by deletion of both copies of URA3.Strauss A, Michel S, Morschhauser J. Analysis of phase-specific gene expression at the single-cell level in the white-opaque switching system of Candida albicans. J Bacteriol. 2001 Jun;183(12):3761-9.
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SC5314Genotype: Wild-typeNotes: Wild-type strain used in the systematic sequencing project, the reference sequence stored in CGD. The original strain background from which most of the common laboratory strains are derived. This strain is virulent in a mouse model of systemic infection and is frequently used as a wild-type control.In their 2004 Genome Biology paper on C. albicans genome sequence, Frank Odds, Al Brown and Neil Gow explain the origins of SC5314: "Strain SC5314 was used in the 1980s by scientists at the E.R. Squibb company* (now Bristol-Myers Squibb) for their pioneering studies of C. albicans molecular biology. It was engineered by Fonzi and Irwin to provide the uridine autotrophic mutant that has been essential to most subsequent molecular genetic research into C. albicans. The strain is usually described merely as a 'clinical isolate', but it is worth setting on record that SC5314 was originally isolated from a patient with generalized Candida infection by Margarita Silva-Hutner** at the Department of Dermatology, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons (New York, USA). The original isolate number was 1775 and the strain is identical with strain NYOH#4657 in the New York State Department of Health collection. (This information was provided by Joan Fung-Tome at Bristol-Myers Squibb as a personal communication.) SC5314 belongs to the predominant clade of closely related C. albicans strains that represents almost 40% of all isolates worldwide, as determined by DNA fingerprinting and multi-locus sequence typing (A. Tavanti, A.D. Davidson, N.A.R.G., M.C.J. Maiden and F.C.O., unpublished observations)."Odds FC, Brown AJ, Gow NA. Candida albicans genome sequence: a platform for genomics in the absence of genetics. Genome Biol. 2004; 5(7): 230. Fonzi WA, Irwin MY. Isogenic strain construction and gene mapping in Candida albicans. Genetics. 1993 Jul;134(3):717-28. *The earliest publications that used SC5314 came in 1968 from Squibb Institute for Medical Research:Aszalos A, Robison RS, Lemanski P, Berk B. Trienine, an antitumor triene antibiotic. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1968 Oct;21(10):611-5. Maestrone G, Semar R. Establishment and treatment of cutaneous Candida albicans infection in the rabbit. Naturwissenschaften. 1968 Feb;55(2):87-8. Meyers E, Miraglia GJ, Smith DA, Basch HI, Pansy FE, Trejo WH, Donovick R. Biological characterization of prasinomycin, a phosphorus-containing antibiotic. Appl Microbiol. 1968 Apr;16(4):603-8. **The documentation of the work done by Margarita Silva-Hutner and her lab is preserved at Columbia University Archival Collections.Back to topCAF2-1Genotype: URA3/ura3::imm434 IRO1/iro1::imm434Notes: URA3 heterozygous strain derived from the SC5314 strain. The 3-prime end of one copy of the IRO1 gene that resides adjacent to URA3 was inadvertently deleted during the construction of this strain. This strain is virulent in a mouse model of systemic infection and is frequently used as a wild-type control.Fonzi WA, Irwin MY. Isogenic strain construction and gene mapping in Candida albicans. Genetics. 1993 Jul;134(3):717-28. Back to topCAI4Genotype: ura3::imm434/ura3::imm434 iro1/iro1::imm434Notes: Isogenic to the SC5314 strain. Uridine auxotroph constructed by deletion of the second copy of URA3. The second copy of IRO1 was inadvertently deleted upon strain construction. As a result, the strain and its descendants have no functional copy of IRO1. This strain is avirulent in a mouse model of systemic infection unless complemented with URA3.Fonzi WA, Irwin MY. Isogenic strain construction and gene mapping in Candida albicans. Genetics. 1993 Jul;134(3):717-28. Garcia MG, O'Connor JE, Garcia LL, Martinez SI, Herrero E, del Castillo Agudo L. Isolation of a Candida albicans gene, tightly linked to URA3, coding for a putative transcription factor that suppresses a Saccharomyces cerevisiae aft1 mutation. Yeast. 2001 Mar 15;18(4):301-11. Back to topCAI8Genotype: ura3::imm434/ura3::imm434 iro1/iro1::imm434 ade2::hisG/ade2::hisGNotes: Isogenic to the SC5314 strain. Derived from the CAF2-1 strain by deletion of URA3 and both copies of ADE2 using the URA-blaster method.Fonzi WA, Irwin MY. Isogenic strain construction and gene mapping in Candida albicans. Genetics. 1993 Jul;134(3):717-28. Back to topP37005Genotype: MTLa/MTLaNotes: Wild-type clinical isolate. Naturally homozygous for the MTLa mating type locus.Lockhart SR, Pujol C, Daniels KJ, Miller MG, Johnson AD, Pfaller MA, Soll DR. In Candida albicans, white-opaque switchers are homozygous for mating type. Genetics. 2002 Oct;162(2):737-45. Back to topRed3/6Genotype: ade2/ade2Notes: Isogenic to the WO-1 strain. Adenine auxotroph derived from the WO-1 strain by chemical mutagenesis using MNNG.Srikantha T, Chandrasekhar A, Soll DR. Functional analysis of the promoter of the phase-specific WH11 gene of Candida albicans. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Mar;15(3):1797-805. Back to topRM1000Genotype: ura3::imm434/ura3::imm434 iro1/iro1::imm434 his1::hisG/his1::hisGNotes: Isogenic to the SC5314 strain. Derived from the CAI4 strain by deletion of the HIS1 gene using the URA-blaster method (see Fonzi and Irwin, 1993 for details of this method). The standard RM1000 strain was found to have a heterozygous deletion on chromosome 5. RM1000#2 is an isolate that has been shown to have wild-type copies of chromosome 5.Negredo A, Monteoliva L, Gil C, Pla J, Nombela C. Cloning, analysis and one-step disruption of the ARG5,6 gene of Candida albicans. Microbiology. 1997 Feb;143 ( Pt 2):297-302. Back to topBWP17Genotype: ura3::imm434/ura3::imm434 iro1/iro1::imm434 his1::hisG/his1::hisG arg4/arg4Notes: Isogenic to the SC5314 strain. Uridine, histidine and arginine auxotroph derived from the RM1000 strain by deletion of the ARG4 gene. This strain has a heterozygous deletion on chromosome 5 that was inherited from the RM1000 parental strain.Wilson RB, Davis D, Mitchell AP. Rapid hypothesis testing with Candida albicans through gene disruption with short homology regions. J Bacteriol. 1999 Mar;181(6):1868-74. Back to topSN87Genotype: ura3::imm434::URA3/ura3::imm434 iro1::IRO1/iro1::imm434 his1::hisG/his1::hisG leu2/leu2Notes: Isogenic to the SC5314 strain. Histidine and leucine auxotroph derived from the RM1000#2 strain by deletion of the LEU2 gene. This strain is virulent in a mouse model of systemic infection.Noble SM, Johnson AD. Strains and strategies for large-scale gene deletion studies of the diploid human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell. 2005 Feb;4(2):298-309. Back to topSN95Genotype: ura3::imm434::URA3/ura3iro1IRO1/iro1his1his1arg4/arg4Notes: Isogenic to the SC5314 strain. Histidine and arginine auxotroph derived from the RM1000#2 strain by deletion of the ARG4 gene. This strain is virulent in a mouse model of systemic infection.Noble SM, Johnson AD. Strains and strategies for large-scale gene deletion studies of the diploid human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell. 2005 Feb;4(2):298-309. Back to topSN152Genotype: ura3/::imm434::URA3/ura3::imm434 iro1::IRO1/iro1::imm434 his1::hisG/his1::hisG leu2/leu2 arg4/arg4Notes: Isogenic to the SC5314 strain. Histidine, leucine and arginine auxotroph derived from the RM1000#2 strain by deletion of the LEU2 and ARG4 genes. This strain is virulent in a mouse model of systemic infection.Noble SM, Johnson AD. Strains and strategies for large-scale gene deletion studies of the diploid human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell. 2005 Feb;4(2):298-309. Back to topWO-1Genotype: MTLalphaNotes: Wild-type clinical isolate that switches between white and opaque phenotypes at high frequency. The MTLa locus is absent in this strain (for more information see Lockhart, 2002). This strain has been sequenced by the Broad Institute (http://www.broadinstitute.org/annotation/genome/candida_group/GenomeDescriptions.html)Slutsky B, Staebell M, Anderson J, Risen L, Pfaller M, Soll DR. "White-opaque transition": a second high-frequency switching system in Candida albicans. J Bacteriol. 1987 Jan;169(1):189-97. Lockhart SR, Pujol C, Daniels KJ, Miller MG, Johnson AD, Pfaller MA, Soll DR. In Candida albicans, white-opaque switchers are homozygous for mating type. Genetics. 2002 Oct;162(2):737-45. WUM5AGenotype: MTLalpha/MTLalpha ura3-1Δ::FRT/ura3-2Δ::FRTNotes: Isogenic to the WO-1 strain. Uridine auxotroph constructed by deletion of both copies of URA3.Strauss A, Michel S, Morschhauser J. Analysis of phase-specific gene expression at the single-cell level in the white-opaque switching system of Candida albicans. J Bacteriol. 2001 Jun;183(12):3761-9.
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